Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: ATF3 is predicted as a favorable prognostic factor and is positively associated with GDF15 in bladder cancer. (A) Data of TCGA gained from the GEPIA database showed ATF3 expression levels across 31 kinds of tumor samples and paired normal tissues. The bar height represents the median expression of ATF3 in certain tumor types or normal tissues, as indicated. (B) Expression levels of ATF3 in the TCGA database from 28 normal and 404 tumor groups, respectively. (C) Correlation between ATF3 expression levels and progression-free survival (P.F.S.) of bladder urothelial carcinoma patients generated from TCGA-BLCA database. (D) The co-expression of ATF3 with GDF15 in TCGA-BLCA database. (E) Kaplan-Meier analysis of progression-free survival of TCGA-BLCA database, comparing subsets with double high expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 to those with double low expressions. Abbreviation: ACC: adrenocortical carcinoma; BLCA: bladder urothelial carcinoma; BRCA: breast invasive carcinoma; CESC: cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma; CHOL: cholangiocarcinoma; COAD: colon adenocarcinoma; DLBC: lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ESCA: esophageal carcinoma; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH: kidney chromophobe; KIRC: kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP: kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; LAML: acute myeloid leukemia; BLGG: brain lower grade glioma; LIHC: liver hepatocellular carcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LUSC: lung squamous cell carcinoma; OV: ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; PAAD: pancreatic adenocarcinoma; PCPG: pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; PRAD: prostate adenocarcinoma; READ: rectum adenocarcinoma; SARC: sarcoma; SKCM: skin cutaneous melanoma; STAD: stomach adenocarcinoma; TGCT: testicular germ cell tumors; THCA: thyroid carcinoma; THYM: thymoma; UCEC: uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma; and UCS: uterine carcinosarcoma. ∗, p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Generated

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors and ATF3 RNA expression in bladder cancer (N = 169).

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: RNA Expression, Biomarker Discovery, Expressing

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors and GDF15/ATF3 RNA expression in bladder cancer (N = 89).

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: RNA Expression, Biomarker Discovery, Expressing

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Modulation of ATF3 on cell growth and gene expression in bladder cancer cells. (A, left) The expressions of ATF3, GDF15, NDRG1, KAI-1, and β-actin of ectopic ATF3-overexpressed T24 (T24-ATF3) and mock-overexpressed T24 (T24-DNA) cells were determined by immunoblot assays. (A, right) Quantitative analysis data were expressed as the intensity of protein bands produced from the expressions of the target proteins/β-actin relative to the mock-control group (±SE; n = 3). Cell growth rate of T24-DNA and T24-ATF3 cells was determined by (B) Ki67 or (C) colony formation assays ( n = 3). (D, top) The expressions of ATF3, GDF15, NDRG1, KAI-1, and β-actin of ATF3-knockdown (HT_shATF3) or mock-knockdown (HT_shCOL) HT1376 cells were determined by immunoblot assays. (D, bottom) Quantitative analysis data were expressed as the intensity of protein bands produced from the expressions of the target proteins/β-actin relative to the mock-control group (±SE; n = 3). (E) The mRNA ratio of ATF3, GDF15, NDRG1, and KAI-1 between HT_shATF3 and HT_shCOL cells was determined by RT-qPCR. (F) The reporter activities of GDF15, NDRG1, and KAI-1 reporter vectors after transient overexpression of various dosages of the ATF3 expression vector, as indicated, were determined by reporter assays ( n = 6). (G) Cell growth rate following ATF3 knockdown was determined by Ki67 proliferation assays ( n = 3). ∗, p < 0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Western Blot, Produced, Control, Knockdown, Quantitative RT-PCR, Over Expression, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Modulation of ATF3 on cell invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The invasion ability of (A) T24-DNA, T24-ATF3, (B) HT_shCOL, and HT_shATF3 cells was determined by Matrigel invasion assays. The quantitative analysis data were expressed as average cell counts/9 fields ± SE. (C) The expressions of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, Snail, Slug, and β-actin in HT_shCOL and HT_shATF3 cells were determined by immunoblot assays. (D) Quantitative analysis data were expressed as the intensity of protein bands produced from the expressions of the target proteins/β-actin relative to the mock-control (HT_shCOL) group (±SE; n = 3). (E) The F-actin staining with Texas Red X-Phalloidin and the fluorescence were recorded using a confocal microscope. (F) The intensities were measured along the line from the peripheral to the central area of the cells, and the quantitative analysis (G) of the F-actin fluorescence intensity of HT_shCOL and HT_shATF3 cells (±SE, n = 4). ∗∗, p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Produced, Control, Staining, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Modulation of ATF3 on tumor growth of bladder cancer cells in xenograft model. (A) HT_shCOL and HT_shATF3 cells were injected subcutaneously in the dorsal area of the four-week-old male athymic nude mice (n = 8). Tumors derived from both cells were recorded after the mice were sacrificed. The tumor growth rates (B) and animal body weights (C) were measured within 24 days. (D) The tumor weights were recorded immediately after the sacrifice (±SE; n = 8). (E) The protein levels of ATF3, GDF15, NDRG1, KAI-1, and β-actin of the tumors derived from the HT_shCOL and HT_shATF3 cells were determined by immunoblot assays. (F) The quantitative analysis was presented as the relative density of the target proteins/β-actin (±SE; n = 5). ∗, p < 0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: Injection, Derivative Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Modulation of metformin on the expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 in the bladder cancer cells. The expressions of ATF3, GDF15, NDRG1, and β-actin in the T24 cells after being treated with or without 4 mM of metformin at normal glucose conditions (5 mM) were determined by immunoblot assays (A) and quantitative analysis (B). The expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 in the HT1376 cells after being treated with 5 mM or 30 mM glucose and with/without 4 mM of metformin, as indicated. were determined by immunoblot assays (C) and quantitative analysis (D). (E) Gene expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 in HT1376 cells after being treated with/without various dosages of metformin, as indicated, were determined by RT-qPCR. Protein expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 in HT1376 cells after being treated with/without metformin or SB431542, as indicated, were determined by immunoblot assays (F) and quantitative analysis (G). (H) Protein expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 in HT_shCOL and HT_shATF3 cells after being treated with/without metformin were determined by immunoblot assays (left) and quantitative analysis (right). Quantitative analysis data were expressed as the intensity of protein bands produced from the expressions of the target proteins/β-actin (±SE; n = 3) relative to the vehicle-treated group. ∗, p < 0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Produced

Journal: Biomedical Journal

Article Title: Activating transcription factor 3 is an antitumor gene synergizing with growth differentiation factor 15 to modulate cell growth in human bladder cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2024.100756

Figure Lengend Snippet: Co-modulation between ATF3 and GDF15 in the bladder cancer cells. The expressions of ATF3, GDF15, and β-actin in (A) T24-DNA, T24-GDF15, (B) HT_shCOL, and HT_shGDF15 cells were determined by immunoblot assays. Quantitative analysis data were expressed as the intensity of protein bands produced from the expressions of the target proteins/β-actin (±SE; n = 3) relative to the vehicle-treated group. The ratio of gene expressions of ATF3 and GDF15 in (C) T24-DNA, T24-GDF15, (D) HT_shCOL, HT_shGDF15, (E) T24-DNA, T24-ATF3, (F) HT_shCOL, and HT_shATF3 cells were determined by RT-qPCR. Data from quantitative analysis were expressed as the expressions of the target genes/β-actin relative to the mock-control group (±SE; n = 3). ∗, p < 0.05; ∗∗, p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: GDF15 and ATF3 shRNA lentiviral transduction particles (sc-39335-V and sc-29757-V) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Produced, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene ontology analysis of CCN family genes

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Transduction, Binding Assay

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gene expression of CCN family genes in STAD. Comparison of the mRNA expression of CYR61 ( A ), CTGF ( B ), NOV ( C ), WISP1 ( D ), WISP2 ( E ), and WISP3 ( F ) in gastric tumor tissue (left plot n = 408) and normal tissue (right plot n = 211) from GEPIA database

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Comparison, Expressing

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: The elevated mRNA levels of CCN family members in different types of GC (ONCOMINE)

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation between different expressed CCN family genes and the pathological stage of patients with STAD. A CYR61, B CTGF, C NOV, D WISP1, E WISP2, F WISP3. * p < 0.05

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overall survival analysis of CCN family genes in patients with GC. Survival curves of CYR61 ( A ), CTGF ( B ), NOV ( C ), WISP1 ( D ), WISP2 ( E ), and WISP3 ( F ) analyzed via the Kaplan–Meier plotter database

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Survival analysis of CCN family genes in patients with diffuse GC. First progressive survival curves of CYR61 ( A ), CTGF ( B ), NOV ( C ), WISP1 ( D ), WISP2 ( E ), and WISP3 ( F ) analyzed via the Kaplan–Meier plotter database

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques:

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification and validation of CCN family genes to predict the prognosis in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s12672-024-01459-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of WISP1 dampens proliferation and migration of GC cells. A siRNA lowers WISP1 expression in HGC-27 and SNU-1 cells. B apoptosis of GC cells after transfection for 48 h. C Colony formation of GC cells after transfection. D Scratch test results in SNU-1 cells after transfection. The experiment was repeated 3 times

Article Snippet: Human WISP1 short interfering RNA (siRNA) was purchased from Ribobio (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Inhibition, Migration, Expressing, Transfection